Sharing Experience; MALAYSIAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROGRAMME (MTCP) CERTIFICATE IN JUVENILE AND REHABILITATION 2014 (Part I)

COUNTRY REPORT (INDONESIA)

REHABILITATION OF INMATES IN INDONESIA

 

COUNTRY PROFILE

 Republic of Indonesia abbreviated RI or Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia, which is crossed by the equator and located between Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world comprising 17,508 islands, therefore it is also called Nusantara (Reuters Islands).

With a population of 253.60 million on March 6, 2014, (detik.com), Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world and the largest Muslim country in the world, although it is not officially an Islamic state. Indonesia is a republic form of government, the House of Representatives, Regional Representatives Council and a directly elected president. Jakarta is the country's capital. Indonesia is bordered by Malaysia on Borneo island, with Papua New Guinea on the island of Papua and East Timor on the island of Timor. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the union territory Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.

From Sabang to Merauke, Indonesia consists of various ethnic groups, languages ​​and religions. The Javanese are the largest ethnic group and most politically dominant. Indonesia's national motto, "Unity in Diversity" ("Different but still one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Besides having a dense population and vast territory, Indonesia has a natural area that supports the level of biodiversity in the world's second largest.

  REHABILITATION TOWARDS INMATES

The philosophy of Indonesian corrections has been changed, and did not use the philosophy of retributive, deterrence, and re-socialization. Since 1965 Indonesia has been used the philosophy of social reintegration. So the incarceration does not aim to give suffers, to make deter, nor to re-socializes them. The objective of punishment is social reintegration, to restore relationship between offenders and community. This is in line with article 2, Corrections Act No. 12/995. It is stated that correctional system is organized to transform offenders to be better human being, realize their mistakes, reform themselves, and not reoffend, so community can accept toward them, additionally they can actively take part in nation development, and can live normally as responsible citizens.

Those tasks are responsibility of the Directorate General of Corrections under the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of Indonesia. In order to achieve the social reintegration, corrections conduct some functions inmates healthcare, behavioral treatment, security responsibilities, as well as community based corrections activities. Corrections is also responsible of management of confiscated goods.

Generally the Directorate General of Corrections head quarter responsible for policy making regarding the operational of corrections system. While implementation unit is detention house, prison, and parole board. The Directorate General of Corrections has a wide range of responsibilities, started from incarceration, with health care, treatment of offenders, involve the community into the treatment, and also coordinate with other law enforcement in management of confiscated goods. That is why Directorate General of Corrections of Indonesia always tries to do it’s best in improving performance, on of the measure considered is to conduct reformation of bureaucracy. 

DATA AND STATISTICS

In general, prison in Indonesia experienced over capacity. Not only prison located in major cities, but many prison in some regions also over populated. The available rooms are not able to accommodate the growing number of inmates any more. Number of inmates now is 158.280. It is 25% higher then three years ago. Total capacity of all prison and detention house is 104.034, so the number of over capacity is 53%

There are two types of prison in Indonesia, Class I Prison and Class II Prison. Class I prisons to accommodate prisoners who classified as :

- high profile,

- long sentence,

- life sentence, and

- death sentence

While class II prisons are to accommodate prisoner out of those categories. Beside those types of prisons, Indonesia also has detention house. This institution accommodates un-sentenced prisoners.

This is data number of correctional institution in Indonesia:

- Prison : 230 Units

- Detention House : 211 Units

Beside of those types, Indonesia also has some special facility to accommodate special inmates. The following list is name and number of the facilities:

- Juvenile prison : 21 Units

- Women prison : 9 Units

- Narcotics prison : 19 Units 

Among correctional institutions in Indonesia, most of them were built in the Dutch colonial era. Some of those old buildings are still in good condition, but most of them have been renovated. The Directorate General of Corrections also took some measures to increase the capacity of prisons. One of them is by renovate of existing prison to increase room occupancy, beside constructed of some new prisons.

Community based corrections is also one of Directorate General of Corrections responsibility. Institution take care of this is parole and probation board. Totally Indonesia has 72 probation board all over in Indonesia. From the data in 2013 there were 31.721 clients. consists of 1.630 adult female clients, 27.894 adult male client, then 67 juvenile female client and 2.130 juvenile male client.

PROGRAMMS AND IMPLEMENTATION

Community-based Correctional

   In the development of correctional service we have tried use alternative measurement with based on community participation and support while called community base correction. There are many program which represented as community based correction, that we can stated briefly here:

First, in the field of juvenile correctional, we have implemented new model of treatment for juvenile delinquent with diversion.

In the model of diversion we tried to solve the juvenile delinquent, whereas the community take more dominated role in carry out and serve the process of treatment or rehabilitation for the juvenile. It means, the process have been changed from the formal law administrative which dominated by role of law enforcer to the non formal process which based on the coming unity supports and participation.

In the diversion process for treatment, the program, facilities and the evaluation of its, are designed and prepared by the community, where also directed and supervised by the probation officers, social worker and local police officers.

The juvenile who’s offense crime must undergo the treatment or rehabilitation program based on the meeting among the victim, family and the local figures with the directing and supervising of probation officers, local police officers also the counselor from the school.

Diversion will be implemented during 1 August 2014 as mandated by Juvenile Act  No. 11 of 2012 about  juvenile justice system.

Second; Community Based Correction also implemented in the treatment for inmate who sentenced with probation. In this way, the program of treatment for the inmate is conducted with cooperation between the probation officer with the community. In some case or program, the community which represented as local organization or entrepreneur group. In Indonesia we call small business scale or home industry who interested and well respect to take part in the program for life skill training to the inmate.

Third ; In the program for treatment of inmate in the prison especially for the inmate who has passed their half of sentence, the officers have been usually to invite for the community participation.

The practice is the inmate who have good skill in such of professional competence will employed in the community business center. Another ways, is the inmate with good skill in car repair will be assigned in the car reparation who owned by personal or group of business.

Actually the inmate just will be employed just in the afternoon, and then back to the prison at evening the guard of officers.

Fourth; In the field of parole correctional service, its show how community play more strategic role and contribution to the process of correctional for the inmate/client.

The community actively make some program to supervise and secure the progress of personality and life skill development to the inmate. In practical, the client will be put on the process of training and apprentice in the business and entrepreneurship which managed by the community both personally or collectively.

All the process of training and apprentices for the inmate, actually undergoing by the agreement among the Probation Office with the representative of the community organization.

Correctional Data Based System 

Indonesian corrections realize that Information system is one of key factors in management of prison. That is why correctional information system always be improved time to time. Directorate General of Corrections is proud that a comprehensive system is running. This system consists of data collection and data information. This system provides a strong support to Directorate General of Corrections in making policies. 

CHALLENGES :

1.    Over capacity

- Limited Space;

- Placement

2. Human Resource ; quantity and quality

3. Special treatment

- Special rehabilitation program

- Determine and create intervention program

4. Security and order

5. Terrorist Inmates Behaviour

6. Corruption inmates

7. Narcotics inmates.

Conclusion To conclude, to achieve the correctional goals, all resources have to be optimize. Management should encourage and help corrections human resource to show their best performance and facilities have to be improved to support the security and treatment system. The last but least, community is key partner in treatment of offenders, without community involvement impossible to get the social reintegration.