REHABILITATION
OF INMATES IN INDONESIA
COUNTRY
PROFILE
Republic of Indonesia abbreviated RI or
Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia, which is crossed by the equator and
located between Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world comprising 17,508 islands,
therefore it is also called Nusantara (Reuters Islands).
With a population of 253.60 million on
March 6, 2014, (detik.com), Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in
the world and the largest Muslim country in the world, although it is not
officially an Islamic state. Indonesia is a republic form of government, the
House of Representatives, Regional Representatives Council and a directly
elected president. Jakarta is the country's capital. Indonesia is bordered by
Malaysia on Borneo island, with Papua New Guinea on the island of Papua and
East Timor on the island of Timor. Other neighboring countries include Singapore,
Philippines, Australia, and the union territory Andaman and Nicobar Islands in
India.
From Sabang to Merauke, Indonesia
consists of various ethnic groups, languages and religions. The Javanese are
the largest ethnic group and most politically dominant. Indonesia's national
motto, "Unity in Diversity" ("Different but still one"),
articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Besides having a dense
population and vast territory, Indonesia has a natural area that supports the
level of biodiversity in the world's second largest.
The philosophy
of Indonesian corrections has been changed, and did not use the philosophy of
retributive, deterrence, and re-socialization. Since 1965 Indonesia has been
used the philosophy of social reintegration. So the incarceration does not aim
to give suffers, to make deter, nor to re-socializes them. The objective of
punishment is social reintegration, to restore relationship between offenders
and community. This is in line with article 2, Corrections Act No. 12/995. It
is stated that correctional system is organized to transform offenders to be
better human being, realize their mistakes, reform themselves, and not
reoffend, so community can accept toward them, additionally they can actively
take part in nation development, and can live normally as responsible citizens.
Those tasks are
responsibility of the Directorate General of Corrections under the Ministry of
Law and Human Rights of Indonesia. In order to achieve the social
reintegration, corrections conduct some functions inmates healthcare, behavioral
treatment, security responsibilities, as well as community based corrections
activities. Corrections is also responsible of management of confiscated goods.
DATA AND STATISTICS
In general,
prison in Indonesia experienced over capacity. Not only prison located in major
cities, but many prison in some regions also over populated. The available
rooms are not able to accommodate the growing number of inmates any more.
Number of inmates now is 158.280. It is 25% higher then three years ago. Total
capacity of all prison and detention house is 104.034, so the number of over
capacity is 53%
There are two
types of prison in Indonesia, Class I Prison and Class II Prison. Class I
prisons to accommodate prisoners who classified as :
- high profile,
- long sentence,
- life sentence, and
- death
sentence
While class II prisons are to
accommodate prisoner out of those categories. Beside those types of prisons,
Indonesia also has detention house. This institution accommodates un-sentenced
prisoners.
This is data number of correctional
institution in Indonesia:
- Prison : 230
Units
- Detention House : 211 Units
Beside of those types, Indonesia
also has some special facility to accommodate special inmates. The following
list is name and number of the facilities:
- Juvenile
prison : 21 Units
- Women prison
: 9 Units
- Narcotics prison : 19 Units
Among
correctional institutions in Indonesia, most of them were built in the Dutch
colonial era. Some of those old buildings are still in good condition, but most
of them have been renovated. The Directorate General of Corrections also took
some measures to increase the capacity of prisons. One of them is by renovate
of existing prison to increase room occupancy, beside constructed of some new
prisons.
Community based
corrections is also one of Directorate General of Corrections responsibility.
Institution take care of this is parole and probation board. Totally Indonesia
has 72 probation board all over in Indonesia. From the data
in 2013 there were 31.721 clients. consists of 1.630 adult female clients, 27.894
adult male client, then 67 juvenile female client and 2.130 juvenile male
client.
PROGRAMMS
AND IMPLEMENTATION
Community-based Correctional
First, in the field of juvenile
correctional, we have implemented new model of treatment for juvenile
delinquent with diversion.
In the model of diversion we tried
to solve the juvenile delinquent, whereas the community take more dominated
role in carry out and serve the process of treatment or rehabilitation for the
juvenile. It means, the process have been changed from the formal law
administrative which dominated by role of law enforcer to the non formal
process which based on the coming unity supports and participation.
In the diversion
process for treatment, the program, facilities and the evaluation of its, are
designed and prepared by the community, where also directed and supervised by
the probation officers, social worker and local police officers.
The juvenile who’s offense crime
must undergo the treatment or rehabilitation program based on the meeting among
the victim, family and the local figures with the directing and supervising of
probation officers, local police officers also the counselor from the school.
Diversion will be implemented
during 1 August 2014 as mandated by Juvenile Act No. 11 of 2012 about juvenile justice system.
Second; Community Based Correction also implemented in the
treatment for inmate who sentenced with probation. In this way, the program of
treatment for the inmate is conducted with cooperation between the probation
officer with the community. In some case or program, the community which
represented as local organization or entrepreneur group. In Indonesia we call
small business scale or home industry who interested and well respect to take
part in the program for life skill training to the inmate.
Third ; In the program for treatment of inmate in the prison
especially for the inmate who has passed their half of sentence, the officers
have been usually to invite for the community participation.
The practice is the inmate who have
good skill in such of professional competence will employed in the community
business center. Another ways, is the inmate with good skill in car repair will
be assigned in the car reparation who owned by personal or group of business.
Actually the inmate just will be
employed just in the afternoon, and then back to the prison at evening the
guard of officers.
Fourth; In the field of parole correctional service, its show
how community play more strategic role and contribution to the process of
correctional for the inmate/client.
The community actively make some
program to supervise and secure the progress of personality and life skill
development to the inmate. In practical, the client will be put on the process
of training and apprentice in the business and entrepreneurship which managed
by the community both personally or collectively.
All the process of
training and apprentices for the inmate, actually undergoing by the agreement
among the Probation Office with the representative of the community
organization.
Correctional Data Based System
Indonesian
corrections realize that Information system is one of key factors in management
of prison. That is why correctional information system always be improved time
to time. Directorate General of Corrections is proud that a comprehensive
system is running. This system consists of data collection and data
information. This system provides a strong support to Directorate General of
Corrections in making policies.
CHALLENGES :
1.
Over capacity
- Limited Space;
- Placement
2.
Human Resource ; quantity and quality
3.
Special treatment
- Special
rehabilitation program
- Determine and
create intervention program
4.
Security and order
5.
Terrorist Inmates Behaviour
6.
Corruption inmates
7.
Narcotics inmates.
Conclusion To conclude, to
achieve the correctional goals, all resources have to be optimize. Management
should encourage and help corrections human resource to show their best
performance and facilities have to be improved to support the security and
treatment system. The last but least, community is key partner in treatment of
offenders, without community involvement impossible to get the social
reintegration.
